How does a wedge operate as a simple machine?

A wedge operates as a simple machine by converting a force applied to it into two perpendicular forces. When a wedge is driven into an object or material, it exerts an upward force on one side while simultaneously applying a downward force on the other side. This action creates a splitting effect that can be used to separate or lift materials.

The geometry of the wedge, which typically has a pointed edge with a wider section, allows it to exert these forces effectively. For example, when you apply downward pressure to the top of a wedge, it forces the sides outward. This ability to create two perpendicular forces is what enables the wedge to accomplish tasks like splitting wood or lifting heavy objects efficiently.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately describe the function of a wedge. Wedges do not rotate to lift objects; that describes a lever or wheel and axle. They also do not store potential energy like a spring would; instead, they immediately convert the applied force into a usable action. Lastly, wedges do not create a vacuum; that is a characteristic of suction devices, not simple machines like wedges.